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          常见音频格式
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        <p>电视广播离不开声音信号，随着人们对电视质量的要求越来越高，在数字电视广播、高清晰数字电视和数字电影中不仅应有高质量的图像，还要保证有高质量的伴音。</p>
<p>音频文件格式往往包含了对音频编码格式的表达，两者一般是一对一的关系，或者说音频文件格式也是音频编码格式。</p>
<h2 id="pcm">PCM</h2>
<p>PCM (PulseCode Modulation) 被称为脉码编码调制。PCM中的声音数据没有被压缩，如果是单声道的文件，采样数据按时间的先后顺序依次存入(它的基本组织单位是BYTE(8bit)或WORD(16bit))，如果是双声道的文件，采样数据按时间先后顺序交叉地存入。如图所示：</p>
<figure>
<img src="https://gitee.com/bqlin/image-land/raw/master/pcm_storage.png" alt="PCM存储方式" /><figcaption aria-hidden="true">PCM存储方式</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>PCM的每个样本值包含在一个整数i中，i的长度为容纳指定样本长度所需的最小字节数。8位和16位的PCM波形样本的数据格式：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>样本大小</th>
<th>数据格式</th>
<th>最小值</th>
<th>最大值</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>8bit PCM</td>
<td>unsigned int</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>255</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>16bit PCM</td>
<td>int</td>
<td>-32768</td>
<td>32767</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>PCM没有保存元数据信息，播放时要准确指定采样格式、采样率和声道才能播放。</p>
<h2 id="wav">WAV</h2>
<p>实现方式很多，在原 PCM 数据格式前面加上 44 字节元数据描述 PCM：采样率、声道数、数据格式等。</p>
<p>特点：保留原始PCM，音质好，大量软件都支持；</p>
<p>适合场景：高比特率下对兼容性有要求的音乐欣赏。</p>
<p>WAV格式符合资源交换文件格式(RIFF，ResourceInterchange File Format)规范。WAV文件分为两个部分：头信息和PCM音频数据。</p>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/bqlin/image-land/raw/master/1615772960502-9cc13cf5-f355-467b-98e7-ff90a3db7246.png" /></p>
<h2 id="有损压缩编码格式">有损压缩编码格式</h2>
<h3 id="mp3">MP3</h3>
<p>MP3，MPEG-1 Audio Layer III，也可以是MPEG-2 Audio Layer III。</p>
<p>技术细节：</p>
<ul>
<li>使用MDCT算法，修正了DCT算法上的一些缺陷。</li>
<li>使用声学心理模型：
<ul>
<li>人耳听觉范围是20Hz～20kHz，去掉高频信息；</li>
<li>人耳对2000Hz～5000Hz最灵敏，两端下降比较厉害，尤其是高频，在去掉部分高频信息；</li>
<li>人耳有遮蔽效应，去掉频域和时域遮蔽的部分；</li>
</ul></li>
<li>使用哈夫曼编码压缩音频数据。</li>
</ul>
<p>缺点：</p>
<ul>
<li>CBR编码对20kHz以上的声音一刀切。当然也可以使用VBR规避。</li>
<li>最初使用的ID3标签没有统一的文本编码。ID3 v2对此做了修正。</li>
<li>多声道支持较差。非主流的MPEG-2 Audio Layer III才支持了5.1声道。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="aac">AAC</h3>
<p>AAC，Advanced Audio Coding。为了取代MP3。目前较热门的有损压缩编码技术，衍生了 LC-AAC、HE-AAC、HE-AAC v2 这三种主要编码格式。</p>
<p>特点：在小于 128Kbit/s 的码率下表现优异，并且多用于视频中的音频编码。</p>
<p>适用场景：128Kbit/s 以下的音频编码，多用于视频中音频轨的编码。</p>
<p>技术细节：</p>
<ul>
<li>使用了完整的MDCT算法，编码效率上更胜一筹。一般同等码率下，AAC质量比MP3更好一些。</li>
<li>支持更大的采样率（16～48kHz=&gt;8~96kHz）。</li>
<li>支持高达48个声道。</li>
<li>对频率高于16kHz的音质更好。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="ogg">Ogg</h3>
<p>Ogg是Vorbis编码的容器。</p>
<ul>
<li>非常有潜力，各种码率下都有比较优秀的表现。</li>
<li>尤其在低码率情况下，编码算法出色，可以用更小码率达到更好的音质。</li>
</ul>
<p>特点：可以用比MP3更小的码率实现比MP3更好的音质，高中低码率下均有良好的表现，兼容不够好，流媒体特性不支持。</p>
<p>使用场景：语言聊天的音频消息场景</p>
<p>技术细节：</p>
<p>基于MDCT时频转换，然后通过心理声学进行频段舍弃。后续使用矢量量化算法，使得在低码率下有着很好的表现，接近AAC HE，但还没能超越。</p>
<h3 id="opus">Opus</h3>
<ul>
<li>编码比Vorbis更好的低码率表现，并在同码率下超越了AAC HE。</li>
<li>低延时。使得在数字语音通信领域中应用广泛。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="ac-3">AC-3</h3>
<p>AC-3，Dolby Digital。</p>
<ul>
<li>首个使用MDCT算法进行压缩的编码，同时还使用音频心理学研究成果对压缩算法进行优化，使得最终压缩后的产物仍拥有影院基本效果。</li>
<li>DD编码一般有6个声道，称为DD 5.1。</li>
<li>元数据中带有对解码过程进行控制的相关信息，使得它在支持的播放器上可以还原出制片方想要的效果。</li>
</ul>
<p>缺点：</p>
<ul>
<li>只支持固定码率编码，使得码率比较高。</li>
</ul>
<p>升级版本：E-AC-3，Dolby Digital Plus。</p>
<h3 id="dts">DTS</h3>
<p>Dolby的竞争对手。</p>
<p>选择ADPCM作为算法基础，采用自适应采样大小记录电平值。对存储空间利用率更高。同时，相对于使用MDCT算法算出不同频率段再砍掉人耳不敏感部分的做法，基于AFPCM的算法虽压缩比低一些，但对声音细节保留得更好。</p>
<p>但也是因为使用自适应采样大小，使得体积控制比DD要差一些，这限制了它的使用。</p>
<h2 id="总结">总结</h2>
<p>大部分编码格式都是基于PCM进行无损、有损的压缩编码。使用的编码技术都是类似的。有损压缩编码基于MDCT，然后经过心理声学模型取出人耳不敏感的信息，最后经过哈夫曼编码压缩。无损压缩编码都是基于线性预测编码。不同的格式可能更多是机构、厂商竞争的产物。</p>
<h2 id="参考">参考</h2>
<ul>
<li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://blog.xinoassassin.me/2019/11/Audio-Codecs/">音频编码变迁录</a></li>
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